Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Procyanidin capsules attenuate PI3K/AKT-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and accelerate skin wound healing in diabetic mice

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103029

Figure Lengend Snippet: Biocompatibility of PC capsules: (A–B) cell viability of HUVECs (A) and NIH/3T3 cells (B) treated with different concentrations of PC capsules for 24 h detected by MTT assay; (C–D) toxic staining of PC capsules on HUVECs and NIH/3T3 cells detected by living/dead cell staining; (E) photos of the backs of mice after receiving a subcutaneous injection of PC capsules and subcutaneous PC capsules after injection at day 4 and day 7; (F) slices of major organs (heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys) in mice after 14 days of PC capsule administration; scale bar = 100 μm. Serum liver function indicators were: (G) ALT and (H) AST. Serum renal function indicators were: (I) BUN and (J) CRE. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) with n = 3 independent biological replicates per group. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. Significance markers are defined as: ns (p > 0.05).

Article Snippet: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (CRL-1730, USA, RRID: CVCL_2959) and NIH/3T3 cells (CRL-1658, USA, RRID: CVCL_0594) used in this study were purchased from American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Capsules, MTT Assay, Staining, Injection, Standard Deviation

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Procyanidin capsules attenuate PI3K/AKT-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and accelerate skin wound healing in diabetic mice

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103029

Figure Lengend Snippet: PC capsules increased cell viability under H 2 O 2 stimulation: cell viability of HUVECs (A) and NIH/3T3 (B) cells treated with different concentrations of H 2 O 2 for 6 h detected by MTT assay; viability of H 2 O 2 ‐treated HUVECs (C) and NIH/3T3 cells (D) with different concentrations of PC capsule pretreatment. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) with n = 3 independent biological replicates per group. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. Significance markers are defined as: ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (CRL-1730, USA, RRID: CVCL_2959) and NIH/3T3 cells (CRL-1658, USA, RRID: CVCL_0594) used in this study were purchased from American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Capsules, MTT Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Procyanidin capsules attenuate PI3K/AKT-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and accelerate skin wound healing in diabetic mice

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103029

Figure Lengend Snippet: PC capsules restored cell function in H 2 O 2 -treated HUVECs and NIH/3T3 cells. HUVECs and NIH/3T3 cells were treated with PC capsules for 24 h and H 2 O 2 for 6 h. (A) Images of HUVEC migration exposure to H 2 O 2 , NAC, PC capsules after 24 h; (B) quantification of percentage wound area remaining for HUVECs; (C) images of NIH/3T3 cell migration exposure to H 2 O 2 , NAC, PC capsules after 24 h; (D) quantification of percentage wound area remaining for NIH/3T3 cells; (E–F) digital images of endothelial cell microtubule formation after treatment with H 2 O 2 , NAC, and PC capsules. Quantification of (G) number of branch sites, (H) total lengths and (I) numbers of tube nodes. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) with n = 3 independent biological replicates per group. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. Significance markers are defined as: ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 (vs. control group); ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001 (vs. H 2 O 2 group).

Article Snippet: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (CRL-1730, USA, RRID: CVCL_2959) and NIH/3T3 cells (CRL-1658, USA, RRID: CVCL_0594) used in this study were purchased from American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Capsules, Cell Function Assay, Migration, Standard Deviation, Control

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Procyanidin capsules attenuate PI3K/AKT-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and accelerate skin wound healing in diabetic mice

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103029

Figure Lengend Snippet: PC capsules improved mitochondrial function in H 2 O 2 -treated HUVECs and NIH/3T3 cells: (A–D) elimination of ROS from HUVECs (A, C) and NIH/3T3 (B, D) cells by PC capsules as determined by MitoSOX; (E–H) assessment of PC-mediated HUVECs (E, G) and NIH/3T3 cells (F, H) MMP using TMRM assays; (I–J) effects of PC capsules on ATP production in HUVECs (I) and NIH/3T3 cells (J). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) with n = 3 independent biological replicates per group. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. Significance markers are defined as: ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001, ####p < 0.0001 (vs. control group); ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001 (vs. H 2 O 2 group).

Article Snippet: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (CRL-1730, USA, RRID: CVCL_2959) and NIH/3T3 cells (CRL-1658, USA, RRID: CVCL_0594) used in this study were purchased from American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Capsules, Standard Deviation, Control

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Procyanidin capsules attenuate PI3K/AKT-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and accelerate skin wound healing in diabetic mice

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103029

Figure Lengend Snippet: PC capsule–mediated cytoprotection via promoting activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway: expression of p-PI3K, PI3K, p-AKT, and AKT in HUVECs treated with PC capsules for 24 h and presence/absence of H 2 O 2 for 6 h (A); and analysis of optical density values of p-PI3K/PI3K (B) and p-AKT/AKT (C); expression of p-PI3K, PI3K, p-AKT, and AKT in NIH/3T3 cells treated with PC capsules for 24 h and presence/absence of H 2 O 2 for 6 h (D); and analysis of optical density values of p-PI3K/PI3K (E) and p-AKT/AKT (F). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) with n = 3 independent biological replicates per group. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. Significance markers are defined as: #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 (vs control group); ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001 (vs PC group or vs H 2 O 2 group).

Article Snippet: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (CRL-1730, USA, RRID: CVCL_2959) and NIH/3T3 cells (CRL-1658, USA, RRID: CVCL_0594) used in this study were purchased from American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Capsules, Standard Deviation, Control

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Procyanidin capsules attenuate PI3K/AKT-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and accelerate skin wound healing in diabetic mice

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103029

Figure Lengend Snippet: PC capsules improve HUVEC and NIH/3T3 cell dysfunction by regulating PI3K/AKT signaling. HUVECs and NIH/3T3 cells were treated with PC capsules and LY294002 for 24 h and H 2 O 2 for 6 h. (A) Images of HUVEC migration exposure to H 2 O 2 , LY294002, PC capsules after 24 h; (B) quantification of percentage wound area remaining for HUVECs; (C) images of NIH/3T3 cell migration exposure to H 2 O 2 , LY294002, PC capsules after 24 h; (D) quantification of percentage wound area remaining for NIH/3T3 cells; (E–F) digital images of endothelial cell microtubule formation after treatment with H 2 O 2 , LY294002, and PC capsules. Quantification of (G) number of branch sites, (H) total lengths and (I) numbers of tube nodes (J); and analysis of optical density values of p-PI3K/PI3K (K) and p-AKT/AKT (L); expression of p-PI3K, PI3K, p-AKT, and AKT in NIH/3T3 cells treated with PC capsules, and LY294002 for 24 h and presence/absence of H 2 O 2 for 6 h (M); and analysis of optical density values of p-PI3K/PI3K (N) and p-AKT/AKT (O). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) with n = 3 independent biological replicates per group. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. Significance markers are defined as: ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 (vs. control group); ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001 (vs PC group or vs LY294002 group).

Article Snippet: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (CRL-1730, USA, RRID: CVCL_2959) and NIH/3T3 cells (CRL-1658, USA, RRID: CVCL_0594) used in this study were purchased from American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Capsules, Migration, Expressing, Standard Deviation, Control

Journal: Cell Reports Medicine

Article Title: Enalaprilat reverses neutrophil polarization imbalance via targeting taurine-STING axis for treatment of diabetic wounds

doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2026.102714

Figure Lengend Snippet: Phenotype repolarization of neutrophils induced by Ena affected the pro-angiogenic capacities of HUVECs and inflammatory state of macrophages (A) Flow cytometry was adopted to reveal the difference of CD206+ population ratio among the three groups. n = 3 independent experiments. (B) Effects of AGE stimulation and sequential Ena supplement on the expression of ICAM1, CXCR2, CXCR4, and Fas as evaluated by western blot. (C) Effects of AGE stimulation and sequential Ena supplement on the expression of ICAM1, CXCR2, CXCR4, and Fas as evaluated by immunofluorescence staining. Scale bar, 2 μm; n = 3 independent experiments. (D) Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) was employed to quantify the level of il1b , ccl3 , arg1 , and ccl17 . n = 3 independent experiments. (E) Schematic diagram for the incubation of HUVECs with pretreated neutrophils. (F) Proliferative ability of HUVECs under the stimulation of neutrophils with indicated preconditioning as detected via EdU staining. Scale bar, 200 μm; n = 3 independent experiments. (G) Migration property of HUVECs as measured by transwell assay. Scale bar, 200 μm; n = 3 independent experiments. (H) Migration property of HUVECs as measured by wound scratch test. Scale bar, 500 μm. (I) Tube formation assay was performed to visualize the neovascularization function of HUVECs with different treatments. Scale bar, 200 μm; n = 3 independent experiments. (J) Phenotype characters of macrophages irritated by neutrophils as determined by immunofluorescence staining. Scale bar, 5 μm. (K) Phenotype characters of macrophages irritated by neutrophils as determined by flow cytometry. n = 3 independent experiments. Data were shown as mean ± standard deviation (SD) from biological replicates, and statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test in (A–D and F–K). ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Neutrophil cell line (HL-60) and human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) were gained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and grown at 37°C with 5% CO 2 .

Techniques: Flow Cytometry, Expressing, Western Blot, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Reverse Transcription, Quantitative RT-PCR, Incubation, Migration, Transwell Assay, Tube Formation Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: Cell Reports Medicine

Article Title: Enalaprilat reverses neutrophil polarization imbalance via targeting taurine-STING axis for treatment of diabetic wounds

doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2026.102714

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibitory effects of Ena on HUVEC ferroptosis activated by AGE-elicited neutrophils (A) CCK-8 assay was performed to measure the viability of HUVECs. n = 3 independent experiments. (B) Death rate of HUVECs incubated with neutrophils pretreated by different strategies as detected using flow cytometry. n = 3 independent experiments. (C) Levels of MDA and GSH were quantified to assess the ferroptosis activity. n = 3 independent experiments. (D) Intracellular lipid peroxidation was visualized by fluorescence staining. Scale bar, 10 μm; n = 3 independent experiments. (E) Fe 2+ ion content was visualized by fluorescence staining. Scale bar, 10 μm; n = 3 independent experiments. (F) JC-1 kit was used to evaluate the mitochondrial membrane potential of HUVECs. Scale bar, 10 μm; n = 3 independent experiments. (G) DCFH-DA fluorescence probe was applied to determine ROS abundance in HUVECs. Scale bar, 200 μm; n = 3 independent experiments. (H) Mitochondrial morphology in HUVECs as analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Scale bar, 500 nm; n = 3 independent experiments. (I) Western blot detection of PGC1α and KLF9 in HUVECs with different treatments. n = 3 independent experiments. (J) Expression of KLF9 in HUVECs incubated with neutrophils pretreated by different approaches as detected using immunofluorescence staining. Scale bar, 10 μm; n = 3 independent experiments. (K) Expression of PGC1α in HUVECs incubated with neutrophils pretreated by different approaches as detected using immunofluorescence staining. Scale bar, 10 μm; n = 3 independent experiments. (L) Schematic diagram of Ena-elicited alleviation on endothelial cell ferroptosis induced by pro-inflammatory neutrophils. Data were shown as mean ± standard deviation (SD) from biological replicates, and statistical comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test in (A–G and I–K). ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: Neutrophil cell line (HL-60) and human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) were gained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and grown at 37°C with 5% CO 2 .

Techniques: CCK-8 Assay, Incubation, Flow Cytometry, Activity Assay, Fluorescence, Staining, Membrane, Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy, Western Blot, Expressing, Immunofluorescence, Standard Deviation